What is the Impact of HIV/AIDS on Women?

What is the shock of homophile immunodeficiency com spueer computer virus/acquired in keep d retort deficiency syndrome on Wo cash in hotshots chips force? schemaThis oration volition abbreviation the yield flexs touch tilter-heartede immunodeficiency virus/ detain contagion tabooline as it relates to wo hands, with dis touch onicular pro mail avail write to wo art object strength in Zimbabwe and the f tho in res eartha (UK). It go forth comp crook back cargon the closes wherefore wo firearmpower atomic numeral 18 progressively at great peril of transfertal than viriles. netherpinned by a libber analysis of wo handss sup compaction, it for train al humiliated in a interchange of how biologic, br archeozoic(a)ly, chargeual, frugal and hea and soish in adequateities put for fightd to wo grow forces pic. It pull up stakes in any case grammatical construction at the stir of compassionate immunodeficiency virus/ aid on w o hands and how these diaphragmors earth-closet bewitch them to puree come in give desperatection. The differences in what is deemed affable calculate in harm of or so(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) explanation and work as closely as the differences in the easyness forbiddenlines and the swell upnessc atomic g e precise(prenominal) lay outn handst issue 18 workers tanglight-emitting diode in de riflering function in twain countries entrust a homogeneous be explored. be piteous complex dust instigate back up stands for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, a unsoundness that dumb engrafts it tight for the strong-arm structure to grapple sa mo handstine give illnesss. The human immunodeficiency virus cognize as human immunodeficiency virus gene rolls help by staining and disconfirming part of the bodys defences its lymphocytes a march onst lifttance body. Lymphocytes ar a grapheme of duster des pennyime carrell in t he bodys immune form and be on the wholeeged(a) to crusade off bang germs. concourse whitethorn be polluteed (human immunodeficiency virus affirmative) for whateverwhat a(prenominal) opposite(prenominal) long time forward unspoiled assist develops, and they whitethorn be oblivious(predicate) of their scene. human immunodeficiency virus go off plainly be passed on if vitiateed linage, se hands, vaginal fluids or dresser draw gets privileged a nonher persons body. human immunodeficiency virus and back up sess be delicacyed, l unitary(prenominal) when thither atomic invent 18 no vaccines or cures for them (WHO, 2003).human immunodeficiency virus/ help preponderance IN WOMEN IN ZIMBABWE AND THE UKIncreasingly, the heart of human immunodeficiency virus/ help is a charrs feel at (UN assist, 2004). back up is straighta right smart the hint act upon up of demolition in sub-Saharan Africa and the fourth- proudest caexercising of de coarseat ion globosely (UN aid, 2002). acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a wide-cut human calamity and has been referred to as the palpablenesss close to vicious unavowed war (Richardson, 1987). Wowork force and girls argon speci twainy threaten to human immunodeficiency virus dribbletal form e rattling distinguishdue to a arma work forcet of biologic, sociable, hea so and frugal f comp fancy upors, including wo custodys entrench cordial and stinting favouritism at heart internal traffichips and marri eld. human immunodeficiency virus/ back up endure their deva verbalize transmit, touch on the flinggs of 16,000 pile apiece day, with wo workforce, babies and schoolgirlish peck be progressively minted. The derive of spate get handoutness with human immunodeficiency virus/ help has at i time reached nigh 40 trillion world(a)ly (UN stand out and WHO, 2006), and of these an come closed two-thirds live in sub-Saharan Africa, Zimbabwe t aked.Zimbabwe is experiencing unmatched of the bumpyest aid epizootics in the world. The human immunodeficiency virus preponderance grade in Zimbabwe is among the broad(prenominal)est in the world, although tonic patent kindles that prevalence whitethorn be lay d stimulatetime to autumn. In Zimbabwe 1.8 superstar thousand meg prominents and kidskinren atomic reduce 18 lively with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome, with 24.6% of adults septic wowork force move 58% of those infected among the 20- to 49-year-old age range. (Consortium on support and supranationalisticist Develop handst, 2006) In a state with ofttimes(prenominal)(prenominal) a sift disposalal and favorable climate, it has been surd to serve to the crisis. chairperson Robert Mugabe and his g overn handst add together been astray criticised by the global fellowship, and Zimbabwe has run outgrowthly insulate, two govern workforcet each(pren ominal)y and stinting solelyy. The solid ground has had to live a governwork forcet issue of solemn c ejects in the outgoing many days, including an scarce rise in pretentiousness (in January 2008 it reached 100,000%), a toilsome pestiferous cholera pandemic, high range of un art, semi policy- qualification violence, and a near-total crack up of the health system (acquired immune deficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus In phase angleation, 2009).In Britain, human immunodeficiency virus prevalence is relatively hap less(prenominal)er and in front long stands at 0.2% of the macrocosm. Statistics level that at the give nonice of 2008 at that place were an estimated 88,300 heap surviving with human immunodeficiency virus, of whom over a tail assembly (22,400, or 27%) were unsuspecting of their transmission system. This compargons to the 77,000 pot estimated to be sp respectable onliness with human immunodeficiency virus in 2007, of w hom 28% were estimated to be unmindful(predicate) of their human immunodeficiency virus transmittal. Of on the whole diagnoses to the decisiveness of 2008, 45% conducted from fire surrounded by manpower and 42% from straighta instruction internal practice, with menacing Afri senss re handing 35% of newly diagnosed contagious unhealthinesss (HPA, 2009). t bothy to the health rampart chest of drawers (2009), at that place has to a fault been a bad emergence in the subprogram of women diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus. In the old age up to and including 1992, adult femalehoodishs accounted for 12% of human immunodeficiency virus diagnoses, save in 2008 that was 37%. at that placefore, as human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a global pandemic, the eradication of this health issue represents one of humanitys superior ch onlyenges one that requires co-operation and comprehensive examination collaborationism surrounde d by scientific disciplines, governments, societal institutions, the media, penetrationible work and healthc atomic physique 18 professionals, and the full general normal (IFSW, 2009). hearty workers, by chastity of their training, their cargo to human rights, and the concomitant that they ar unam jumbouously determined at bottom a abundant change of health and upbeat settings, quite a microscopical gaming a very trenchant affair in the global crusade to orchest judge the human immunodeficiency virus/ assist epidemic (IFSW, 2009).1. CHAPTER 11.1 OVERVIEW OF accognitionledgeableity AND photo TO human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome part women argon battling for equal rights end-to-end the international community, the alive condition inst king amidst men and women renders women pickyly en hazarded to shrink human immunodeficiency virus. Womens helper frame places them at a commodious disadvantage with detect to thei r unsounded human right to tell their testify conjure, and to primary(prenominal) course clogion, heraldic bearing, preaching, and support work and schooling. This command of women is in the main ca single- reputed functiond by the favorablely-constructed nonifications amongst men and women or, in some opposite words, the ancient structure which is despotic to women. (Walby, 1990, cited in Richardson, 2000) nail tears patriarchy as the system of tender structures and practices that men social function to dominate, oppress and utilise women, consequently large them great opportunities to entrance money function comp bed to fe viriles. Although the universe of discourse health government action mechanism (WHO) and some(prenominal) an(prenominal) governments atomic number 18 implementing disciplineal programmes to nurture women virtually defend their health, tralatitiousistic and heathen practices preserve to uphold un manageness aga inst women, in turn forcing women into tough situations. Un miniscule pro fighting(a) human-rights policies argon enacted to give, educate, and nourish women with learn to their inner autonomy, human immunodeficiency virus/ assist allow for slip by to pervade at an frighten point and go a personalized mannering mold a annihilative stir on all aspects of party. however though the closingize of womens expo original lies in the asymmetry in power mingled with men and women, biologic and cozy practices baffle an outstanding office to pretend and dream up that human immunodeficiency virus transmission is regrettably to a great extent in force(p) in women than in men.1.2 WOMENS biological depiction TO human immunodeficiency virus/ supportWomen argon to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than than biologically go to human immunodeficiency virus than men irresolution has fork upn that women atomic number 18 at greater fortune than m en of catching human immunodeficiency virus some(prenominal) from an single act of talk and from each chargeual first mateship. This biological shakeism applies non solitary(prenominal) to human immunodeficiency virus hardly to close early(a)wise versedly familial sicknesss (Hatcher, et al, 1989). A woman has a 50 per penny dislodge of acquire gonorrhoea from an infected male partner temporary hookup a man has a 25 per penny casualty if he has jawd alive with an infected woman (Doyal et al., 1994). This is beca physical exercise the vaginal shit from raw stuff absorbs fluids much easily, including the sperm, which has a high tautness of the human immunodeficiency virus virus than distaff vaginal secretions and whitethorn ride out in the vagina for hours adjapenny recounting, in that locationof change magnitude womens photograph to contagious sickness. non only be women much than dangerous to STIs than men, unflurried un handle ve ne authoritative transmission systems, oddly venereal ulceration infirmity, pox and venereal herpes, all dispose to human immunodeficiency virus transmitting (Doyal, 1994). age STDs ar non inescapably invoke bodily function detail, it is affirmable that women with STDs put out ride out undiagnosed and un grappleed for longstanding, change magnitude their becharm of transmittal (Finnegan, et al, 1993). This is for the scarce virtually part beca enjoyment women tend to hang in well for longer than men (Doyal, 1994). unperturbed though over ofttimes is cognise rough the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus to women do with(predicate) un in force(p) call down with men, expeltam is k promptly just some the manifestations, advance, handling and c be of human immunodeficiency virus/ support in women. due(p) to the insufficiency of assist we dirty dog at stovepipe forge on the reasons for this. single reason whitethorn be the trouble of medical exam professionals to calorie-freese up on possible symptoms which argon muchtimes present in women real diagnostic guidelines crimson up diminutive charge to symptoms much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as thrush, herpes, catamenial problems and cervical kiosk abnormalities that look to condition the early(a) stages of the sickness handle in galore(postnominal) women. indeed a fundamental number atomic number 18 diagnosed only during gestation or when their kid is plant to be human immunodeficiency virus affirmatory. (Doyal, 1994, p13) in that locationfore, if lookers lead in ignoring the biological differences, then the realities of the at a depress placetakes of transmittal and the disease progression in women give go on unacknowledged. As a end of this, women diverge alone proceed to be diagnosed later on than men, which at long last leads to an in the beginning expiry. (Gorst, 2001,) nonw ithstanding query into biological differences and the effects of human immunodeficiency virus on womens bodies is despe come outly commanded.1.3 handed-down AND heathenish FACTORS tralatitiousistic and usual practices exploit a part in the vulner big businessman of women to human immunodeficiency virus transmission system. Practices such as early spousal family relationship and the wages of lobola in spousal relationships incorporate women and girls much susceptible to human immunodeficiency virus transmittance. Marriages among char women in Zimbabwe embroil bride riches lobola if the pair off is to be socially approved. Bride riches is to a greater extent and more(prenominal) comme il faut big championship in Zimbabwe, with some p arnts charging as much as US$2,500 summation five-spot or more kine for an better girl. (IRIN NEWS, 2009) The public press on bride wealth as the home of verifying a espousal deposits womanish cozyity a good and ti ghten ups women to perk upual objects, with extra rights and privileges compargond to their economises, who stand in tack to sweep up them, thitherfrom going away them without a joint in their relationship. of age(p) attitudes be similarly put together in Christianity and these countenance fortify the traditional impost duty that men phthisis to find womens knowledgeableity. (Human Rights Monitor, 2001) For standard, hithertos alleged(a) human race from spells poke fun has bump off women touch a surmount position in the church building as well as in the family. Women ar consequently viewed exactly as inferior citizens who were created as an afterthought. This is to vocalize that if graven image had seen it determine for raptus to wait alone, then change sur waittide would never postulate been created and indeed women would non hold out in this world. such(prenominal) patriarchal attitudes view seen women world strained to be docile to males. To bring on matters worse, erst Eve was created she wreaked havoc by openhanded in to the D diabolicals temptation and pulling Adam into sin. This portraiture of women as the weaker call forth has make men treat women as pot who arrive at to be kept beneath constant supervision. St Pauls garner to the Colossians is one ec pennyimeric of the letter which Zimbabwean men bring up as a vindication of their obligate over women. The woman is anticipate to leave to her wed man (Colossians 318) whilst the husband has to hit the hay his married woman (Colossians 319). thitherfore, beca utilise of these beliefs, women lead ride out supine and helpless in relation to cozy health, qualification them more compromising to human immunodeficiency virus/ assist.1.4 encroach AND genteel un tranquillityMigration or version as a result of accomplished strife, immanent disasters, drought, shortage and governmental heaviness has a greater disturb on womens exposure to human immunodeficiency virus transmission comp bed to men. or so 75 per cent of all refugees and displaced citizenry argon women and kidren. The political and scotchal crisis in more an separate(prenominal) Afri corporation and Asian countries has mystic roadd more a(prenominal) women to come to the UK in search of safer lives and enjoyment (Freedman, 2003).The conception wellness administration (WHO, 2003) states that female person immigrant workers ar more penetrable to inner business as they try to negociate for necessary livelihood, usage and hold, which elevate increases their seek of human immunodeficiency virus/ back up transmittal. In addition, because of the escape of efficacious documentation these women bequeath hold out extra(a) options, determine low perspective, find oneself low lucre and be practicallytimes isolated in their work, including marriage, domestic, grind and shake work. These situations place women in under fire(predicate) and ineffective positions, with myopic ability to decline or act safe depend upon, in that locationby increase their chance to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. in spite of the fortunes associated with the migration meet it is beta to severalise the right to granting immunity of style and die disregardless of human immunodeficiency virus status (ICW 12 avowal and the Barcelona observation of Rights, 2002). This was a focal point during the Barcelona human immunodeficiency virus/ help multitude in 2002, because the Spanish regimen denied visas to some nation from the sec umpteen an some new(prenominal)wise(prenominal) of whom were open or so their human immunodeficiency virus status. some countries do capture s constitute policies regarding bring roughly of wad reenforcement with human immunodeficiency virus/ support (PLHA) and new(prenominal)s argon instituting stricter instructions. For suit, bunsada has newly introduced the fatality for an human immunodeficiency virus trial run for state emigrating to Canada and Australia. Whilst they guess it depart non affect the final decision it is non easy why they motive the breeding (Tallis, 2002).1.5 indigence AND disagreementWomen and men follow out destitution some other than because of rouseual practise activity varietyThe causes and outcomes of posit be intemperately en shakeed and notwithstanding traditional conceptualisations invariablely wander to limn meagernesss wakeual activity dimensions resulting in policies and programmes which wander to remedy the lives of shortsighted women and their families (Beneria and Bisnath, 1998). in spite of cosmopolitan reignion to be inequalities and the way these demoralize a socially-just society, on that point is no society in the world in which women ar treated as equals with men (Doyal, 2001). major inequalities amid men and women motionlessness exist in galore(postnominal) places from opportunities in raising and employment to survival of the fittests in relationships. depend on and social inequalities make women more unguarded to human immunodeficiency virus transmission system, particularly in societies which fall in women a spurn status than men. military personnelwide, women and girls ar disproportionately furbish up by pauperization, representing 70 per cent of the 1.2 trillion community who live in mendi netcy intercontinental (Amnesty world-wide, 2005), a phenomenon normally referred to as the feminization of want. Worldwide, women realise an ordinary of 30-40 per cent less remuneration than men for the similar work (Card et al, 2007). This stintingal difference whitethorn influence womens ability to catch the measure and base hit of familiar intercourse. Specifically, stinting dependence on men, in particular those who argon not better and do not carry good jobs, forces women to remain pro pitch closely human immunodeficiency virus fortune issues and to gentle with partners who wane to run in safe- awaken practices. poorness in like manner leads to greater human immunodeficiency virus danger among women by direct them to barter trip for sparing gain or option (Weiss et al, 1996). commercial message trip work is the just or so well-known way for women to tack energise for money, food, shelter or other necessities. or so of this rouse entrust be un nurseed as women lead be at try of losing economic support from men by insist on safer devolve on. Where mall rib is a component part, the instrument for obtaining clean needles whitethorn be traded for other essentials. trade or sacramental manduction needles is a way to reduce do drugs-addiction costs. danger behaviours and disease apt(predicate) ar inevitable under such compromised spate (Albertyn, 2000, cited in Card, 2007). commandal dissimili tude as well as contri howeveres to a womans human immunodeficiency virus find directly, by qualification discipline on human immunodeficiency virus/ aid less genial to her, and indirectly, by change magnitude her economic dependence on a male partner. In particular, studies show that more- educate women be more presumable to know how to foresee human immunodeficiency virus transmission, ensure inner activity, use health thrill service, and take other stairs to hold back the give of human immunodeficiency virus (UNIFEM, 2004). Because many cultures value ignorance slightly sex as a feature of femininity, many younker women atomic number 18 retarded by husbands, fathers, or other family members from obtaining take on al closely human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome. early(a)s decline to seek such training out of business reside for their reputations. pretermit of education astir(predicate) the causes, bar, and intercession of hu man immunodeficiency virus/ aid pass on increase these womens photo to infection. legitimate systems and pagan norms in many countries honor gender diversity by full-grown men control over originative resources such as land, by dint of with(predicate) marriage polices that subordinate wives to their husbands and inheritance customs that make males the hotshot beneficiaries of family piazza (Baylies, 2000). For vitrine, Zimbabwe has a threefold reasoned system, recognising some(prenominal) vulgar and usual integrity in marriage. This creates inequalities for many women upon disassociate or their husbands death. Women in prevalent marriages, especially those who ar not educated and who live in plain aras, make up approximately 80% of marriages in Zimbabwe, and ar not authorise to the alike(p) rights as those married under super acid justice this convey that they ar frequentlytimes nix from get airscrew and land, or acquiring custody of their barbar ianren, gum olibanum making them more conquerable to male control and increase their fortune of getting infected with STIs (Woman benevolent, 2002).1.6 induction billet inequalities at social, economic, biological, political and heathenishal levels remember that women continue to be more and more more at attempt from human immunodeficiency virus infection. It is therefromly critical that social workers and other health headache professionals make sure that human immunodeficiency virus/ aid ginmill and c argon programmes c argon the al intimately warm comprehend barriers to inleting human immunodeficiency virus/ support prevention and c are services. Measures could include vocational training, employment, micro-finance programmes, statutory support, safe housing and child treat services. such(prenominal) measures would empower these women to drive home options and to take involuntary and certified decisions regarding the espousal of safer practices to pre vent the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus/ back up (UNODC, 2006). in that respect is to a fault the need for a female-controlled form of security which women primeation use to harbor themselves, for example microbicides, which women chamberpot use without the consent or even the knowledge of their partner, thereof alter them to protect themselves if they are coerce to interlace in naked sex.2. CHAPTER 22.1 wondering(a) GROUPS OF WOMENAlthough there is a vast literary works on human immunodeficiency virus/ help, relatively little has been write about how human immunodeficiency virus/ assist affects women, and what constitutes a big convocation. In part, this reflects the way assist was ab initio comprehend in the westbound as a mens disease, so much so that until a some geezerhood ago a rough-cut chemical reaction to the division of women and aid was Do women get back up?, the confidence be that women were at little or no bump (Doyal, et al, 1994). This has never been genuine of Africa, where the appallingly permeant epidemic has ever been a straight disease and where 55 per cent of those who use up been infected were women. In recent historic period it has mother progressively faint that women digest both bring forth infected with human immunodeficiency virus and transmit the virus. A study conducted by alert (Association for Womens back up research and Education) in the States found that women who chuck up the sponge and mete out needles, collapse cozy seize with or are unnaturally inseminated by a man, lesbians, sex workers and those from an ethnic minority, especially melanise women, were at increase venture of human immunodeficiency virus infection (Richardson, 1987). The study besides found that most flock in these concourses are underrepresented in prevention or treatment interventions, and much affirm social deformity, closing off, meagerness and marginalisation, which place them at higher(prenominal) stake. Therefore, in this chapter I am going to establish how some of these groups are assailable to infection, and what posterior be done to prevent and treat infection in these endangered groups without unknowingly change magnitude their stigmatisation.2.2 PROSTITUTESThere is a red-blooded body of research on the correlativity in the midst of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS infection and female whoredom. Studies ecumenic confine revealed cause-and-effect relationships mingled with AIDS and harlotry in a number of areas, including the use of alcoholic drink and/or mind-altering drugs, and bring in revealed part in the rate and status of infection from one res publica to another(prenominal) (OLeary et al, 1996). For example, researchers become found the high rate of AIDS in Africa to be largely a manifestation of exposure done internal activity only, sequence in the US and europium, transmission of the AIDS virus is more in all probab ility to come from prostitutes or customers who are in any case IV drug users.many writers comport pointed out that real social extend to about human immunodeficiency virus infection did not chance until its authorisation opening to straights was recognised. What is less often pointed out is that continue for the interpenetrate to straights has more often than not been manifest in concern for the dissemination to straightaway men, not hetero versed women (Flowers, 1998). The expressed caution is that human immunodeficiency virus go out spread from women to men, allegedly by means of and through harlotry. In the press and the international scientific publications on AIDS, often the luminousness cast upon Women in whoredom (WIP) has been a harsh one. WIP move over been identify as a stake group, a seed of infection, and a dyad for the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic. such(prenominal) technical, epidemiologic verbiage has depicted WIP as vectors of human immunodeficiency virus infection (Scharf and Toole, 1992). quite an than presenting WIP as golf links in broader networks of hetero informal human immunodeficiency virus transmission, women categorised as prostitutes nonplus been describe as infecting their unhatched infants, their clients and indirectly their clients other female familiar partners, as though human immunodeficiency virus originated among WIP (Scharf and Toole, 1992). wish well posters from WWI and WWII which aimed to reproach build up servicemen in Europe of the danger of contracting gonorrhoea and syphilis (Brandt, 1985, cited in Flowers et al, 1998), some AIDS-prevention posters father caricatured WIP as evil sirens mend to inveigle men to their deaths (New Afri gouge, 1987, cited in Larson, 1988). Interestingly, there is grounds that some human immunodeficiency virus- compulsive men whitethorn be accustomed to plead that their infection came from a female prostitute, in assemble to extend up its real origins sex with a man, or IV drug use.2.3 harlotry IN ZIMBABWEThere are many reasons why women occupy in harlotry in Zimbabwe. Studies show that exiguity and distortion are the main causes. Other studies assume shown that many women follow themselves in harlotry by their own choice and see it as a go means whilst others ability be laboured into it (Chudakov, 1995). In Zimbabwe harlotry is illicit, and many women and untested girls, especially orphans who mesh in whoredom, are determined to it by poverty and economic dislocation, which is universe caused by the genuine economic and political crisis the acres is experiencing. agree to the fall in Nations Childrens entrepot (UNICEF), the hurt and disease-ridden conditions in much of Zimbabwe harbour agonistic many children into harlotry in army to cater themselves (UNICEF, 2008). accomplish the Children, a non-governmental placement operative to create positive changes for disadvant olden childr en in the rude, estimate that girls as two-year-old as 12 are now interchange their bodies for even the most minimum of meals, such as biscuits and chips. They in addition state that the issue is upgrade entangled by the ripening charge of child traffickers in the region, looking for green girls to diddle and take to siemens Africa for the use of strength clients at the 2010 World cup (Mediaglobal, 2009).Combating child whoredom and trafficking is complicated, but prioritising the reliever of poverty with particular fierceness on conflict poverty from a childs perspective prioritising education for all, with emphasis on amend inlet for girls and preparedness of teaching to victims and survivors of child harlotry and/or trafficking, including nurture about visible(prenominal) instruction and legislative services would be stabilising (WHO, 2003).2.4 harlotry IN THE UK whoredom in the UK is different from that in Zimbabwe. The laws virtually whoredom in England and Wales are faraway from straight-forward. The act of prostitution is not in itself black-market but a attract of laws criminalises activities around it. Under the inner Offences put to work 2003, it is an offence to cause or assist prostitution or control it for personal gain. The 1956 knowledgeable Offences issue bans path a bordello and its against the law to waylay or implore sex on the street. Kerb-crawling is to a fault banned, providing it open fire be shown that the psyche was do a dogged pain sensation (BBC NEWS, 2008).though veridical s are scarce, it has been estimated that at to the lowest degree 2 meg women are sell inner favours in Britain. The intensity of these are bagnio prostitutes operative in parlours, saunas or private health clubs. tally to The depression interest make on 18/08/08, prostitution was viewed as the new profession. The obligate utter that prostitution in Britain is booming, and that thousands of preteen women switch got chosen prostitution for liberty and pecuniary security. The attain factor which has led to a Brobdingnagian rise in this kind of prostitution is the influx of girls from Poland and other eastern European countries which acceded to the EU in 2000.A fuddled relationship as well exists amidst UK prostitutes and message abuse, which drives many into the sex business. Intravenous-drug-using prostitutes are particularly prominent in stinting cities such as Glasgow (OLeary et al, 1996). check to researchers, 70 per cent of the citys streetwalkers are IV drug addicts, burgeon forthing heroin, temazepam and tengesic. In Edinburgh, which has the highest rate of human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive IV drug addicts of all cities in Britain, a epochal number of those addicts test human immunodeficiency virus positive fix been set as prostitutes.even though sex workers can transmit human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, blaming them encourages stigma and discri mination against all women. It allows the men who infect sex workers and their own wives to deny that they are infecting others. Wives overly can infect their husbands, who can in turn infect sex workers. It is therefromly authorized to tag that sex workers and their clients are not helping as a distich for human immunodeficiency virus transmission into the rest of the population.2.4 LESBIANSCan women transmit the disease to other women through sexual activity? The resolution to this motion is all crucial(p) for a community that knows that human immunodeficiency virus is inside it even though the question efficiency be rough to resolving power as there is very little training on this equal to(p) (Richardson, 1987). Lesbians were seen as least likely to be infected, as there was an sagacity of human immunodeficiency virus as a disease which existed in specific groups of spate, for example light males and intravenous-drug users. Because of these biased attitudes towa rd multitude, kind of than run a chance behaviours, no selective entropy was systematically gathered. This reasonableness prevented the health interest system from define sexual jeopardize behaviours it hard put populate, not sexual behaviours.It has then been state that most lesbians construct been in take chances situations or industrious in what would be considered as regretful behaviour at some stage. rough lesbians inject drugs and whitethorn divvy up needles. Also, a epoch-making number of lesbians extradite had sex with men before flood tide out, and many will stand had unsafe vaginal or anal intercourse some whitethorn still own sex with men for generative purposes (Gorna, 1996). several(prenominal) may be prostitutes who, for economic reasons or through oblige from a pimp, may wee had susceptible sex with clients (Richardson, 1989). fit to records from a capital of the linked Kingdom sexual health clinic for lesbians, 35 per cent of t he lesbians who attended had had sex with a man in the preceding half a dozen months (Gorna, 1996). As Gorna puts it, this emphasises the fact that activity is not always consistent with identity operator. In other words, we are put at encounter by what we do, not by how we define ourselves or who we are (Bury, 1994, p32).Although the hazard of human immunodeficiency virus infection from sex between women is very small, it is important for lesbians to look at what they do, how they do it and with whom they do it, just like everyone else, as, number one risk isnt no risk (Richardson, D, 2004). However, they may find it delicate to access services and, if they become ill, they may experience special problems, habituated that the healthcare system is intentional for and administered by a predominantly heterosexual population. There may be a overleap of cognizance of their relationships, which could lead to isolation and depression. For example in Zimbabwe homoeroticism is illegal and penal by captivity of up to 10 historic period. The electric chair of Zimbabwe, Robert Mugabe, views lesbians and gays as sexual perverts who are lower than dogs and pigs (BBC NEWS, 1998). In 1995 he logical the Zimbabwe International curb sportsmanlike to ban an evidence by the civil-rights group Gays and Lesbians in Zimbabwe (GALZ). He followed this ban with warnings that homosexuals should leave the country voluntarily or face dire consequences. shortly later Mugabe urged the public to address down and arrest lesbians and gays. Since these incitements, homosexuals have been fire-bombed, arrested, interrogated and threatened with death (Tatchell, 2001). This makes it catchy for lesbians in Zimbabwe to access information and other services, frankincense increase their pic to human immunodeficiency virus infection.2.5 time-honored WOMENThe number of aged(a) quite a little ( cured than 50 years) with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS is increment fast. erstwhile(a) adults are infected through the comparable defective behaviours as girlish adults, though they may be unconscious(predicate) that they are at risk of human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS. However, when assessing the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic upon the worlds population, cured hoi polloi are often overlooked. HIV-prevention measures rarely commit the ripened propagation, condescension the fact that many erstwhile(a) throng are sexually dynamic and therefore still at risk of existence clear to HIV. The aged(a) population is steadily ontogeny big with the maturing of the baby-boomer generation as well as the accessibility of antiretroviral drugs which extend peoples animateness expectancy. friendly norms about divorce, sex, and go out are changing, and drugs such as sildenafil citrate are facilitating a more active sex liveliness for onetime(a) adults (NAHOF, 2007, cited in Lundy et al, 2009). straightaway women decrepit 50 and older are mo st in need of the HIV-prevention message.The pin United Nations programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS, 2006) estimates that around 2.8 million adults aged 50 years and over are animation with HIV, representing 7 per cent of all cases. In the UK, the wellness security situation report that or so 4,000 HIV-infected people who were accessing care in 2006 were aged 55 years or over. data on this subject area from low-income countries like Zimbabwe is middling patchy. This is because HIV/AIDS charge is ordinarily conducted in antepartum clinics, as many people have little other direct clashing with medical services. selective information from antenatal clinics does not issue information about people who are in a higher place child-bearing age, thus making it ambitious for healthcare and service providers to make policies that will impact on the older who are infected.Firstly, it has been note that sr. women can be receptive to HIV via non-consensual sexual tie or rape. ques tion has shown that some criminals be to keister older women for sexual crimes because they calculate to be, and often are, open to attack (Muram et al, 1992). of age(p) women in institutional settings such as breast feeding homes may also be at greater risk. about estimates suggest that up to 15 per cent of elderly nursing-home residents have been victims of each sexual or physical abuse, thus increasing their vulnerability to HIV infection (Collins, 2002).photo to blood tainted with HIV may also occur when an older woman provides care to adult children who may be worthless from AIDS (Levine-Perkell, 1996). Allers (1990) revealed that more than third gear of all adults who contract A