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Plow and Cyrus EssayJohn Deeres Steel-Tipped Plow and Cyrus McCormickss Mechanical Reaper Deere invented a steel-tipped plow that halved the labor to clear acres to till. Timber for housing and close in was available in nearby woods, and settlements spread rapidly. McCormick developed the mechanical reaper which harvested grain seven multiplication faster than traditional methods with half the work force and guaranteed that wheat would dominate the Midwestern prairies.American system of rules of Manufacturing, or Interchangeable Parts Europeans had started to refer to manufacture by interchangeable mans as the American System of Manufacturing. The system had many advantages. Traditionally, damage to any part of something ruined the whole thing and no new part would fit. With interchangeable parts, however, replacement parts could be obtained and mass production also occurred. Samuel F. B. international Morse code Morse was an American inventor. He contributed to the invent ion of a single-wire telegraph system bases on European telegraphs. He was also co-inventor of the Morse code, and also an accomplished painter.Catharine Beecher, A Treatise on Domestic Economy In her widely normal Treatise on Domestic Economy, Beecher told women that technological advances made it their duty to make every house a glorious temple by utilizing space more efficiently. Contagion Theory versus Miasma Theory The unfitness of physicians to explain the diseases led to these theories. No one understood that bacteria cause epidemic cholera and yellow fever. The transmitting theory was that epidemic diseases were spread by touch, whereas the miasmas theory was it resulted from air carried gases from rotten vegetation or out of work animals.But neither theory worked. Crawford Long and William T. G. Morton Long industrious sulfuric ether during a running(a) operation. Long failed to follow up on his discovery, but four years latishr, Morton, a dentist, successfully em ployed sulfuric ether during an operation at MA General Hospital in Boston. Within a few years, ether came into wide use in American surgery. Hydropathy Hydropathy was known as the water cure, which filtered into the fall in States from Europe. By the mid-1850s the United States had twenty-seven hydropathic sanatoriums, which used cold baths and wet packs.It helped keep the pain associated with childbirth and menstruation. Sylvester Graham Graham propounded a health system that anyone could adopt. Alarmed by the cholera epidemic, Graham counseled changes in dies and regimen as well as total abstinence from alcohol. Soon, he added familiar excess to his list of forbidden indulgences. Phrenology The belief that each person was master of his or her own luck underlay not solely evangelical religion and popular health movements but also the about popular of the antebellum scientific fads phrenology.It rested on the idea that the human mind comprised thirty-seven limpid organs, ea ch located in the different part of the brain. James Gordon Bennett, the fresh York Herald, and the Penny Press Bennett utilise new technology to introduce the penny press. Newspapers could now rely on vast circulations rather than on political subsidies to turn a profit. The New York Sun became Americas first penny newspaper, and Bennetts New York Herald followed in 1835. Horace Greeley and the New York Tribune Greeleys New York Tribune pioneered modern financial and political reporting.The adamant snooping of the Tribunes Washington reporters outrages politicians. In 1848, Tribune correspondents were temporarily barred from the House floor for reporting about vocalism Sawyer of Ohio. Astor Place Riot In 1849, a long-running feud between the leading American actor, Edwin Forrest, and popular British actor William Macready ended with the Astor Place riot in New York City, which left hand twenty-two passel dead. This riot demonstrated the broad popularity of the theater.Minst rel Shows These shows arose in northern cities when white men in blackface took to the spot to present and evening of songs, dances, and humorous sketches. Minstrelsy borrowed some authentic elements of African-American culture, especially dances. P. T. Barnum and the American Museum Barnum purchased a screaky museum in NYC, rechristened it the American Museum, and opened a new chapter in the history of popular entertainment. The founders of earlier museums had bringing upal purposes. Barnum, in contrast, made pricking public curiosity the main goal.Washington Irving When British questioned Who ever reads an American book? , Americans responded by pointing to Irving, whose Sketch Book contained two famous stories, Rip Van Winkle and The figment of Sleepy Hollow. Naming hotels and steamboats after Irving, Americans soaked him in applause, but they had to concede that Irving had done more than of his beat writing while living in England. James Fenimore Cooper Cooper was the first important habitus in this literary upsurge. His most significant innovation was to introduce a distinctively American fictive character, the frontiersman Natty Bumppo.Edgar Allan Poe Poe wrote both assemblyal and poetry and was a major contributor to the American Renaissance. He set several of his short stories in Europe as one critic has noted, His art could direct been produced as easily had he been born in Europe. American Renaissance The Renaissance was a unfolding of literature. In 1800, American authors accounted for a negligible proportion of the output of American publishers. By 1830, 40 pct of the books published in the United States were written by Americans by 1850 this had increased to 75 percent.Not only were Americans writing more books increasingly, they sought to depict the features of their nation in literature and art. Henry David Thoreau Thoreau was representative of the young Emersonians. He was more of a doer and was adventurous in action. At on e point, he went to jailhouse rather than to pay his poll tax. This revenue, he knew, would support the war in Mexico, which he viewed as part of a southern conspiracy to extend slavery. The experience led Thoreau to write Civil Disobedience in which he defended a citizens right to disobey unjust laws.Ralph Waldo Emerson and The American Scholar Emerson emerged in the late 1830s as the most influential spokesman for American literary nationalism. He announced his address The American Scholar. The m had come for Americans to trust themselves. Let the single man plant himself indomitably on his instincts and there abide, he proclaimed. transcendental philosophy Its a philosophical movement that developed in the 1830s and 1840s in the Eastern region of the United States as a protest to the general state of culture and society.Among their core beliefs was the inherent goodness of both man and nature. They believed that society and its institutions ultimately corrupted the purity of the individual. Margaret Fuller Her status as an intellectual cleaning woman distanced her from conventional society. Disappointed that his first child was not a boy, her Harvard educated father determined to fox Margaret the sort of education young men would have acquired at Harvard. Fuller turned transcendentalism into an demarcation of sorts. Nathaniel Hawthorne Hawthorne was a major contributor to the American Renaissance.He wrote the famous novel, The Scarlett Letter along with The House of the sevensome Gables and The Marble Faun in Rome. He ignored Emersons call to write about everyday experiences of their teammate Americans. Ironically, their conviction that the lives of ordinary Americans provided inadequate materials for fiction led them to create a uniquely American fiction marked less by the description of the complex social relationships of ordinary life than by the abridgment or moral dilemmas and psychological states.Walt Whitman Self-taught and in love with virtually everything about America except slavery, Whitman left school at eleven and became a printers apprentice and later a journalist and editor for various newspapers in Brooklyn, Manhattan, and New Orleans. A familiar figure at Democratic party functions, he marched in party parades and put his pen to the service of its antislavery wing. Herman Melville Melville was another key contributor to the American Renaissance who primarily wrote fiction.He did draw materials and themes from his own experiences as a sailor and from the lore of the New England whaling industry, but for his novels, be picked the exotic setting of islands in the South Seas. He wrote the famous Moby-Dick. Thomas Cole, Asher Durand, Frederic Church, and the Hudson River drill The Hudson River School flourished from the 1820s to the 1870s. Cole, Durand, and Church best represented more than fifty painters. They painted scenes of the region around the Hudson River, a waterway that Americans compared in ma jesty to the Rhine.Lyceums This is a category of educational institution defined within the education system of many countries, mainly in Europe. The definition varies between countries usually it is a type of alternate school. Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux In 1858, New York City chose a plan drawn by Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux for its proposed fundamental Park. Olmstead eventually became the parks chief architect. They both wanted the park to look as much like the countryside as possible, showing nothing of the surrounding city.